Also resembles common buckthorn rhamnus cathartica l. In the present study toxicity of frangula alnus mill. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Rhamnaceae of north america update, database version 2011 acquired. List of various diseases cured by rhamnus frangula.
Frangula article about frangula by the free dictionary. The generic recognition of frangula has been disputed and for many years glossy buckthorn has gone under the name rhamnus frangula l. The alder buckthorn is botanically called rhamnus frangula. It was planted for hedgerows, forestry plantings, and wildlife habitat, but has become an invasive species, invading forests in the northeastern united states and wetlands and moist forest in the midwestern united states. A recent molecular study by bolmgren and oxelman 2004. Note that the pdf version is the booklet as published, whereas the excel spreadsheet incorporates subsequent corrections. Frangula alnus typically inhabits wet, shaded and acidic soils. The yellowgreen flowers of frangula alnus are bisexual and 5merous, and arranged in 18 flowered sessile, glabrous umbels.
Wisconsin manual of control recommendations for ecologically invasive plants. Molecular phylogeny of alnus betulaceae, inferred from nuclear ribosomal dna its sequences article pdf available in plant and soil 2541. Toxicity and antioxidant capacity of frangula alnus mill. Frangula alnus assessment answers are underlined and. Prelogging treatment of invasive glossy buckthorn frangula alnus. Appearance frangula alnus is a large shrub or small tree that can grow to heights of 30 ft. The first of the five applications, in june 2008, involved manual cutting of stems.
Pdf molecular phylogeny of alnus betulaceae, inferred. Frangula alnus definition of frangula alnus by medical. The alder buckthorn can be considered a deciduous shrub or even a small tree, the plant often reaches 20 feet in height when fully mature. Branches are multistemmed, not very regular and arranged in alternate pairs. For details on physical, chemical and biological control of this species please read our pdf file on management information. Resembles the native carolina buckthorn frangula caroliniana walt. Once established, frangula alnus fine line has an interesting, mottled bark. The bark on young shoots is green, becoming greybrown. The flowers, which are small and bisexual, are in axillary dichasia or fascicles.
Frangula alnus in the germplasm resources information network grin, u. In this in this laboratory experimental study, hek cells were exposed to 10,1,0. Also, polyphenol content of bark extract and antioxidant activity of. Rhamnus frangula herb uses, benefits, cures, side effects. In its native european habitats, glossy buckthorn is described as on the whole intolerant of shade. It is present in most central and northeasternus states. Gray, but its leaf margins are finely serrated serrulate and leaves are 3 times as long as wide. The tree is a deciduous tree, it will be up to 7 m 30 ft high. In the past, frangula was treated as a subgenus of rhamnus, distinguished from rhamnus sensu stricto by the presence of bisexual instead of unisexual flowers and 5merous instead of 4merous flower parts, and on the basis of seed characteristics. Rhamnus frangula is a deciduous shrub growing to 5 m 16ft by 4 m ft at a slow rate. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes hpbls were treated with f. This plant flowers after the leaves expand, from may to september. Rhamnus frangula alder buckthorn pfaf plant database.
This file is licensed under the creative commons attribution 4. Download includes an excel spreadsheet of the attributes, and a pdf explaining the background and nomenclature. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. Frangula alnus primarily reproduce by seed converse, 1984. Biological control ofbuckthorns rhamnus cathartica and. Broadleaf deciduous shrub or lowbranching tree, upright, spreading, as a shrub 15 ft 4. The new york flora atlas is a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state, as well as information on plant habitats, associated ecological communities, and taxonomy. The tree likes sun to halfshade at the location and the soil should be permeable soils. Fine line is a cultivar of the alder buckthorn and confusingly has a variety of names including rhamnus frangula fine line and frangula alnus fine line, but all refer to this upright columnar shrub with long, fine pointed leaves in spring narrow new leaves burst through in bright. Pdf the effects of frangula alnus miller on hek cells in.
Alderleaved buckthorn rhamnus alnifolia has serrate leaf margins. Glossy, oval to obovate, dark green leaves to 3 long retain green color well into fall, usually resulting in poor fall color. Frangula alnus is most problematic in fens and other wetlands but also can invade uplands and sandy soil forests. Frangula alnus is recorded in 23 states in the us usda i nrcs 2001. Tracheophyta magnoliopsida rhamnaceae frangula frangula alnus. Rhamnus frangula columnaris tallhedge buckthorn foliage is oval like the species form, but its habit is very columnar and it is often used as a tall visual screen to hide utilities or demarcate property lines, or in formal gardens to partition outdoor rooms. How rhamnus frangula is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format. If a branch is cut, the sapwood tissue just below the outer bark is yellow and the heartwood tissue in the center is pinkorange michigan. Based on studies and observations made in the wicken fen of cambridgeshire, england, glossy buckthorn. Frangula alnus online atlas of the british and irish flora. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any. Frangula alnus glossy buckthorn fral4 8004 european alder alder buckthorn form. Anatomical analysis and phytochemical screening of frangula. Frangula alnus is a deciduous shrub growing to 5 m 16ft by 4 m ft at a slow rate.
Most authorities now recognize this section as a separate genus, using frangula alnus mill. It is in flower from may to june, and the seeds ripen from september to november. It is native to a large temperate area across europe, from portugal in west to western china in east. It is also commonly called glossy buckthorn in reference to its glossy leaves. In addition, users can learn about the location of vouchered specimens and see images to get a better visual for each plant. Names of rhamnus frangula in various languages of the world are also given. A taxonomic species within the family rhamnaceae alder buckthorn. Maine natural areas program, invasive plants, glossy buckthorn. Clusters about 1 inch across in the leaf axils of new growth, 2 to 8 flowers in a cluster. Updated for itis by the flora of north america expertise network, in connection with an update for usda plants 20072010 reference for. Pdf vaccinium myrtillus leaves and frangula alnus bark derived. Its wide distribution covers most of the temperate forest. Frangula alnus is commonly called alder buckthorn because it is frequently seen in the wild growing in moist soils near alders genus alnus. They were probably introduced to the us before 1800 but did not become widespread until the early 1900s.
The trees wood is soft and used for high quality charcoal and gunpowder, while its bark, fruit and. Glossy buckthorn frangula alnus is a shrub or small, multistemmed tree. Rhamnus frangula landscape plants oregon state university. Leaves are darkgreen and glossy above while dull green below. In the past, frangula was treated as a subgenus of rhamnus, distinguished. The invasion of frangula alnus into forests and riparian areas in the.
In the 1950 grays manual of botany, glossy buckthorn was described as recently and rapidly spreading and likely to become. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Glossy buckthorn is typical in the understory of open woodlands, is often abundant following logging andor grazing, but is rare in lateseral, closedcanopy forests. The species is hermaphrodite has both male and female organs and is pollinated by insects. Uses, benefits, cures, side effects, nutrients in rhamnus frangula. Multistems with a narrowly upright and columnar growth habit make this hardy plant almost bamboolike. Pdf due to constantly increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens and participation of the biofilms they make in various types of infections, a. Rhamnus cathartica and frangula alnus report 200405. Foliage the dark green leaves are shiny, alternate sometime opposite and simple with prominent venation. The leaf margins are smoothentire and tend to be slightly wavy. Frangula alnus was probably introduced to north america about 200 years ago, and in canada about 100 years ago. Frangula alnus, commonly known as glossy buckthorn, is a shrub that can grow to seven metres and is sometimes considered a tree.
In 1754, miller described the genus frangula, and in 1768, the species frangula alnus. Frangula alnus usda, ars, germplasm resources information network. The alder buckthorn is characterized by the presence of glossy oval shaped green leaves, each of which can be one to three inches in length, the leaves are borne on the stem in alternate rows and are not ridged. Glossy buckthorn can either grow as a multistemmed shrub or singlestemmed tree up to 23 7 m tall. Rhamnus frangula alnus fine line is a handsome deciduous shrub that fits perfectly into a small sized garden. An attractive, new, columnar shrub with fine, dark green leaves, which turn butteryyellow in autumn before falling. Frangula alnus is wellknown for anthranoid content, and its stem bark. Benefits of alder buckthorn rhamnus frangula for health. Frangula a genus of shrubs or small trees of the family rhamnaceae. The branches are not spiny, and the buds are without scales. They are now found throughout much of the central and northern. Leaves are deciduous, simple, and generally arrang ed alternately.
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